#我的考研故事#
在研究生英语入学考试中,英语写作历来是考生的一个难点。英语写作主要考查考生运用英语的综合能力，其中包括用英语组织篇章段落的能力、英语的语句表达能力以及语法的综合运用能力。要做好写作部分的试题,要求考生不仅具有较实的语言基础,而且还要掌握一些写作的基本技能,如：信息的分析和综合能力以及丰富的想像力。英文写作是一个最能体现考生书面英语水平和技能的测试项目。
一、写作B部分命题的基本指导思想
1.考试大纲对写作的评价目标
根据《大纲》规定：考生应根据题目以及写作提纲或规定的情境、图表、图画等写出大约200个词的短文,其体要求概括如下,
(1)内容切题,包含提纲或图画的全部要点和信息。所谓内容切题是指所写的短文切合题意,即
正确理解题目的意思。误解题目或曲解题意,写出来的短文答非所问就是跑题。另外,也要注意不漏掉提纲或图画中的要点和信息,如果提纲中给出了三个要点,考生只写了两个要点,显然从内容上就不切题了。因此,审题是短文写作成败的关键。考生一定要认真阅读写作要求,仔细琢磨题意,弄清题目以及写作提纲或规定情境、图表的内容范围,依此表达题目限定的中心思想,做到内容切题。
(2)表达清楚,意思连贯。表达清楚是指清楚地表达思想,不是含糊其辞，使人不得要领。在写作过程中,考生应思路清晰,运用恰当的语句表达意思。此外,要根据题目要求，围绕中心提出论点，摆出论据,使短文层次分明,合乎逻辑。意思连贯是指句子与句子,段落与段落之间衔接自然，整体性强。考生应熟练运用连接词语来正确表达一个观点与另一观点之间的关系。
(3)用词正确,句式有变化,语言比较规范。语言比较规范是在遣词造句中应符合英语语法和习
惯用法。首先在词语运用上能够选用恰当的,能够准确表达意义的词,并能显示出一定的词汇量(用词面较宽)；其次,写出的句子符合语法规范,没有重大语法错误,句式上多变,不要只用简单句或陈述句,应适当增加句子形式的多样性,不仅有短句,也有长句,不仅有简单句,也有并列句,复合句等等。
（4)文章的长度符合要求。长度是指短文的字数。符合要求的字数应是不少于200个或者200个词以上。
现将大纲对写作部分的评分标准摘如下:
(1)20~17分。内容切题,包括题中所列三个方面的内容；清楚表达其内涵，文字连贯；句式有变化,句子结构和用词正确。文章长度符合要求。
(2)16~13分。内容切题,包括题中所列三个方面的内容；比较清楚地表达其内涵,文字基本连贯；句式有一定变化,句子结构和用词无重大错误；文章长度符合要求。
(3)12~9岁分。内容切题，基本包含题中所列三个方面的内容；基本清楚地表达其内涵，句子结构和用词无重大错误。文章长度符合要求。
(4)8～5分。内容基本切题,基本包含题中所列三个方面的内容；语句可以理解,但有较多的句子结构和用词错误。文章长度基本符合要求。
(5)4～1分。基本按照要求写作,但只有少数句子可以理解。
(6）0分。文不切题,语句混乱,无法理解。
2.写作部分命题的基本原则
i(1)语言正确、地道、得体、简洁。试题应以信息表达为测试目的。试题的情境,对考生来说应该是真实的情境,即他们已经遇到或可能遇到的情境。
(2)测试的层次应是语篇层次,即在语篇层次上测试信息(章
意义)的表达。要做到这一点,试题不仅需要语境,而且需要情。
（3)试题要求考生完成的任务,应该是互动性的行为。也就是说所写的短文应该被读者所理解。语言的制约应来自交际情境,而不是来自人为的对语言形式的主观选定。给出什么样的交际情境,考生就自然会去相应地选择语言、组合语言,决定如何完成规定的任务。但同时也要强调考生群体实际认知水平和语言水平相当。
二、写作B部分材料的选择
1.材料的选择
纵观历年试,写作的题目多集中在社会伦理、人生哲理、学校教育、人际关系交往、娱乐方式、健康和生活方式等方面。最近几年的命题多与当前的社会现实和热点题有关,要求考生对社会现象和社会的经济,文化生活有所关注和思考,并形自己的见解。如2022年的题目是中外文化交流问题，2003年的试题既可以讨论加入世贸易组织后的中国经济发展的现实问题,也可以谈孩子的教育问题，2004年试题则表达了“终点又是起点”的人生理,2005年则对赡养老人问题展开讨论。
从命题的内容来看,它有两个特点：第一,涉及面广,考生日常生活以及大家所关心的社会现象热点问题都是命题的重点。这就要求考生对社会问题有一定深度的认识和素材的积累。如：2005年的作文题目是有关社会道德方面的,这与该年加强大学生和青少年道德教育的大背景相关；再如2000年、2003年和2004年所涉及的国际文化交流,青少年成才和人生哲理问题，也充分反映了当时社会的热门话题。第二,试题避免出大多数考生不了解或一无所知的题目,因为这类题目不能准确地测试出考生的实际水平。
2.作文的体载
从体裁上看,近8年的作文都为论说文,而前两年的体裁多为论文。论说文的特点是说议结合，一部分为对论题的说明,一部分为议论,或者夹叙夹议。这种写作的难点在于将说明或描写与议论有机地结合起来,形成一个衔接自然的文章。
下表为近十年考题特点的小结。
时间中心思想题材类型
2007年乐观心态是成功的关键人生哲学情境式作文
2006年偶像崇拜社会生活情境式作文
2005年年轻人应该赡养父母社会伦理情境式作文
2004年终点又是新的起点人生哲理情境试作文
2003年温室里的花不起风雨教育或经济问题情境式作文
2002年中国与世界的文化交流文化与交流情境式作文
2001年困难的时候,人人都应该献爱心社会伦理情境式作文
2000年自然生态平衡破坏环境保护情境式作文
1999年人口发展与动物生态平衡人与自然的和发展情境式作文
1998年讽刺社会上的虚假承诺社会信用问题情境式作文
三、写作B部分命题的特点
（一)情境创设型命题作文
情境创设型命题作文的特点主要有:
1.普遍性:发生在身边的事情,各种考生都有一定的体验,可以有感而发。比如2003年的温室里的花和2002年的中国与国际的交流。不管你身处何处,这些现象和变化都是中国人共同体验的。考题不会考查一部分考生熟悉,而另一部分考生不了解的内容。对于社会生活中的敏感问题,一般不会涉及。
2.社会性:社会关心的、典型的事。比如2005年赡养老人问题、2000年的过度开采与资源保护同题等。
3.教育性:论题有警示作用的,可让考生作深层思考。比如，1998年的“虚假承诺”的问题以及2004年“终点又是起点“的人生管理。
在这三个特性中,普遍性和社会性是近年所有题目都具有的共同特征。因此考生平时应关注社会性的问题,加深思考深度,并且阅读英文报纸,积累相关词汇。在有普遍性,社会性的现象中,考生又要对有警示作用的例子多给予关注。在近10年的考题中三分之一是正面现象的分析论证,如2004年的终点又是起点,2002年的“国际化交流”,2001年的“希望工程或爱心工程”。而其余的考题关注的是社会中存在的一些问题,也就是说三分之二的题目是有关负面问题的分析解决。
情境创设型作文按照试题命制的方式可以分为两种：规定情景式和文字、图表提示。
Example1:
Assuming that a manager is going to interview some job applicants and of his friends gives him a piece of advice that the first impression is not a reliable basis for judgement.This manager wants to hear more from others and decides to have a wall newspaper put up for more views on that topic.
You are going to write an article to offer your opinion about it.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEETS .
1.规定情景式
规定情景式作文的命题方式是用英语或汉语设计出一个情境或通过阐述一个现象或对某一现象所产生的两种甚至更多的观点等,要求考生把规定的情境、现象或由现象而引出的观点等叙述清楚,并写出自己的观点评论。
据权威机构调查显示,2001年,我国空调总产量为2500万台,而市场容量仅为1500万台。空调已经成为继VCD、彩电后又一个家电企业力拼的市场。于是空调厂家坐不住了,打折、送礼品,甚至出现了空调论斤卖的怪事。近日,空调企业又想出了新花样:举办空调流行趋势发布会。面临巨大的竞争压力,多数空调生产厂家都意识到了自己生存的危机,他们不得不推出新产品以占据消费市场。同时，许多空调大企业都声称他们不会去挑起空调价格战。但是，...
Will there be an air-conditioner “price battle “ this year?
There is a discussion in a newspaper on the issue.
Write an essay to the newspaper
1)giving a brief introduction to the issue,
2)stating your view about the “price battle “,and
3)justifying your prediction.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
2.文字、图表提示
在这十年试题中有八年是情境或图表式作文。这种文字和图、表皆有提示的写作,是近几年在英语考试中使用较多的一种写作题型。其原因之一是社会不断向信息化发展,各种类型的统计表、示意图以其直观、明了的特点在专业文献、调查报告中广为运用，形成了文字与图、表相得益彰的新的表达方式。
这种方式的命题有利于测试考生的综合分析、英语应用能力。此外,它只允许考生在规定的范围内进行描述、分析,避免考试时套用考试前背好的范文的现象的发生。
题目中文字的作用是帮助考生理解图、表的内容。可以是英文,也可以是中文。图、表主要包括了各种形式的图画、漫画或照片以及各种形式的统计表、比率表、图示与统计数据相结合的图表等。
(1)图表式作文的命题特点
情境式作文提纲的特点是考查内容比较固定。虽然情境式作文的提纲看似变化莫测，但实际上只涉及5个方面:描述图表、指明寓意、分析原因、联系实际、给出建议。而每次考试只是从这5个内容中选出3个组合在一起而已。比如:2001年的考题要求:1) show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below. 2) give a specific example ，and 3)give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.考查的就是指明寓意、联系实际、给出建议。2000年的考题要求:1)Describe the pictures.2) Deduce the purpose of the drawer.3)Suggest your counter-measures.换言之,就是要求描述图画、指明寓意、给出建议。
不仅历年的考查内容有限,考查内容的个数也很相似，一般来说是考查3个考点。即使有些提纲只有两条要求,实际上它常包含一个隐性条件,所以考生也要涉及3点才能把文章写透彻。比如1998年的考题中提到:1) Write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon.2)Give your comments.实际上,考生要从阐释图画寓意、联系社会、提出建议三方面写,才可使文章内容更丰满。又如1997年的考题中提到：
1) Interpret the following pictures.2)Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.其实考生要通过说明图表、预测趋势来点明寓意，分析原因(其中含有联系实际的成分)
(2)图表式作文的命题类型及写作思路
近年来英语试卷中短文写作部分改变了以往提纲三段式作文的形式,采用了图表或图画式。此举有两个目的:其一,克服考生在考前猜题、押题的弊端；其二,检测考生用英语对事物进行抽象、归纳、分析的能力。相比较而言,图画式作文比单纯的命题作文要稍难一些。图画式作文的多次出现,短文分数比例的提高(由原来的15分提高至20分)以及文章字数的增加(由原来的150字增至200字),这一切都意味着硕士研究生人学考试更注重考查考生的英语实际使用技能。
从形式上看,图表或图画式作文都是通过对直观的面、图表的描述,进而揭示出它的寓意。从内容上看,作文所选用的图画通常蕴含着比较突出、与人民的生活有关的社会现象与问题,诸如教育、职业道德、身体健康、家庭关系、环境保护、人口增长等等。答好图画式作文题，考生当然要在语言的表达上做到准确、规范,此外还应熟悉和了解图画式作文的基本要领。
图表式作文的写作根据图的不同又可细分为漫画式,图画式,图表式;文字方面又可分为提纲加图画式,以及命题加提纲加图画式。从应试的角度看,审题、谋篇、语言是写好作文的三要素。命题，图画及题中的文字说明是用于审题的;而“写作要求”往往是针对布局谋篇的,同时写作要求也影响语言的分配。
1)图画式作文的审题
第一,仔细研读作文指令,从题目中找出中心词,分析修饰词,从而准确地抓住题目的中心。考生首先要清楚作文的要求,如:是否有标题?标题是什么？是否有提纲?文章字数是多少等。然后,从作文的题目中理解命题者命题的主要意图,如1998年考题的题目为“如此承诺”，“承诺”为中心词。再通过图片示意不难解释出这“如此”二字的意思为讽刺虚假承诺的代言词,因此就可得出本题的中心为“虚假承诺”。又如2002年考题,题目为“Culture-National and lnternational首先,中心词为“文化”，观察图片发现是一个身着中国民族服装的西方女孩的照片。从女孩那灿烂的笑容上我们不难看出她的心里是多么的欣喜,这种欣喜来自于对中国化的感受。而后再看修饰词“本国的,国际的”，这进一步缩小写作范围为文化的交流,而这种交流反映了两方面的情况:一方面是中国文化对世界文化的渗透；另一方面是世界对中国文化的了解与接受。同时应当指出,中国经济的腾飞推动了中外文化的交流。
第二,要认真解读图画，因为图画是作文的信息基础,描述图画是文章的有机部分。要透过画面,点出图画的寓意,或称为“画旨”,也就是说要对图画进行抽象。考生要注意题目中的文字说明,看文字说明要做到看清主、谓、宾。比如，2001年考题是“爱心是一盏灯，在越黑暗的地方越明亮”。很多考生写到了爱心的比较上,哪里要多给一些爱心,哪里要少给一些爱心,这就是偏题。之所以偏题的原因就是没有抓住句子主语。这一句的主语是什么?自然是爱心。再看其谓语、宾语，可以看出本题是提倡在需要的地方献爱心。
第三,要注意看图画，在抓住题目与说明文字的基础上,图画可以最直接的对中心进行限定。如果说题目与文字提供了中心的骨,那么图画就提供了中心的肉，提供丰富的信息来确定中心。如2002考题,我们可以看到欣喜——了解中国文化的欣喜；2000年的考题，我们可以看到对比——对人为造成的生态破坏的对比；1998年的考题,我们可以看到可笑一一对虚假承诺的丑态而笑。在此基础上,对图画所描述的现象及其可能或已经产生的后果进行简明扼要地分析,并发表议论。最后,提出解决问题的方法与建议。
2)图画式作文的谋篇
谋篇要抓住提纲。提纲就是文章的大体结构,对于不同的题型,提纲的要求也不同。如图画式写作多要求描写图画。对于漫画式写作,漫画的刻描写本身并不重要，但文章的寓意却要力求准确,不要拖泥带水。比如：1998年“承诺”一文,有的考生一下子钻到打油诗的海洋中,浪费大量时间研究“蛋黄”、“蛋白”的表达,却忽略了“虚假承诺”这一中心,真是丢了西瓜拣了芝麻。其实,打油诗只不过提供一个信息—-虚假的废话。
文章的写作重在中心突出,条理清楚。对于图表式作文,特别是数据多且繁锁的题目,数据内部的相互关系的分析至关重要。如何将看似无序的数据有序的组合起来,并言之有物是高分作文与低分作文的差别之一。如1997年有关香烟一文,是由吸烟人口多，推导出香烟产量大,还是由产量推出吸烟人口多,都无关紧要,最重要的是能自圆其说,言之有物。因此,这就要求文章主题突出,句与句之间关系清晰,语意连贯。总之,文章的写作就像一棵树，它的树干是文章的主题成中心思想,而几个主枝就是文章的几个分论点,主枝上的分叉就是每个分标题的具体论据(举例,对比等)。如果是一篇文章中,论据支持分论点,分论点又有效地支持主题,句句相关、段段联系,那么这就是一篇结构严谨、中心突出的文章。
其据(例,对比等)。如果一篇文章中,论据支
持分论点,分论点又有效地支持主题,句句相关、段段联系,那么这就是一篇结构严谨、中心突出的文章
下面是一篇结构清晰的文章。
Despite various improvements in all aspects of social life, the generation gap between the grown-up and young remains wide. In fact, it grows wider.
Nowadays, the youths do not blindly follow what their elders say. Because of widespread education and the influence of western civilization, to a certain extent, they have a new code of philosophy, which is completely different from that of their elders. Modern youths are trying to be more revolutionary. They always introduce new changes. However, the old people, wedded to everything of the past, are hostile to changes. Thus, the generation gap becomes wider and wider.
In order to narrow the gap, both groups should respect each other, listen to the words of each others，and discuss ideas patiently. Most probably， these may help to solve the problem.
本篇文章针对年轻人与老年人代沟的现象分为三部分进行阐发:提出问题、分析原因、给出建议。每一句话都围绕中心进行,结构清晰、中心突出。
综观以上的介绍,我们可以得出这样的结论：图画式作文也可以当做三段式的提纲作文。第一段用来描述图画并揭示出其寓意(寓意用一句话来概括即可),第二段分析原因,最后一段发表评论或提出建议。篇幅的比例分配,第二、三段应是文章的重点,应占2/3。
3)图画式作文的语言组织
作文的语言应长短句兼顾,句式变化多样,当然语法的正确性是必需的。如果实在掌握或控制不好语言,可以采用长短句按1:3的比例或反之。句子写完后,也可自问一下是否用了分词结构,不定式。感叹句等多种句式。如没有,可适当调整句式。在组织语言中要特别注意连贯性,连贯性不仅从连词、语句的使用中体现出来,更重要的是语意的相互照应。考生要注意自己的作文中心是否与主题句紧密连接,例子是否直接支持主题,号召是否呼应了主题和例子,等等。
(3)图表式作文的写作技巧
任何好的作文都要满足写作的一些基本要求。情境式作文要求考生根据情境确定文章的体裁、主题内容和标题,然后再根据自己的经验,运用一些具体实例对主题进行描写(图表)、说明(寓意)、分析原因和论证(联系实际,提出建议)。它多采用论说文的形式,考查点为说明加议论,或描写加议论，根据对历年考试的分析可以看出论说文涉及三种文体:说明文、描写文和议论文。
说明文主要是解释和说明事物本身,或客观讲解其发展过程。在考研作文中,说明常与议论结合,形成论说文。考试中的说明最终是为了论述,因此从整体上看要力求使说明的内容具有一定的逻辑关系,要支持某一论点,而不是为了说明而说明。从处理的方式上来看,既可以先说明,后论证,也可将说明作为论据,一边说明,一边议论。
考试中的说明文部分具有以下几个特点:
第一,突出说明表格所反映问题的主要方面,主要发展趋势。题目不要过大,着眼点不要过多
第二,按照一定逻辑方式来说明,如按时间顺序、变化的增减趋势等。
第三,文字简洁明了,避免使用过多的华丽词藻。
图表式作文所要讨论的现象和问题都隐含在数据里,因此考生常会感到比较难写。但是，只要熟悉了它的形式,了解了它的写作步骤和方法,那么写作并不困难。
常见的图表类型有:①表格,它表示多种事物的相互关系;②曲线,它常表示事物的变化趋势;③柱状,它用来表示几种事物的变化情况及相互关系;④饼状,表示各事物在总体中所占的比例及相互关系。
图表作文要求的不是对图表的简单叙述,而是抓住图表所反映的主要问题,对其进行分析和评论。因此要想抓住主旨,就要分析图表中那些最有代表性、规律性的数字,或变化大的数字。它的写作误区是报流水账,对数据面面俱到,却不能指出图表所反映的中心,也不能利用数据进行有力的论证。
图表作文的写作步骤:①分析图表及说明性文字;②分析数字所反映的主旨,得出中心论点;③列提纲;④写作。
关于图表式作文的描述方法:
第一种情况:横向对比。描述这种图表需要对比各数据间的差别,主要以数值、倍数、排列等方式来描述。
常用句型:
(1)A department has the lowest sales figure in the three departments,followed by the B department and C department.
(2)The figure of A is about twice as much as that of B.
(3)The income from sales is 10 million, making the company the highest one in sales.
(4)The A's income reaches 20 million ,which is in the middle of the list.
第二种情况:纵向说明。只要指出不同单位之间的比较,描述如何增减,增减幅度如何,反映出什么问题,就可以了。描述这样的图表时,可用以下词汇和句型:
(1)The rise lasted for two weeks and then began to level off in June.
(2)The trend/increase slowed down in May.
(3)The trend of increasing working hours began to gain momentum in January.(开始走强)
(4)Prices went ap by 50%, but the number of smokers mainlained.
(5)It picked up speed at the end of this year.
常用词汇及表达法: increase, decrease,rise, fall, slow down. level off, pick up speed, maintain,drop, the trend reverse,decline,gain/lose momentum, a steady/substantial(实质性的) increasce,a minor/slight/dramatic drop。
第三种情况：纵向、横向均有的说明。这种图表不仅要注意同一事物的变化趋势,也要注意不同事物之间的差距及变化。
表示百分比常用句型：
(1)It accounts for 30% of the total population.
(2)There are 4 members with master's degrees, making up nearly a quarter of the workforce.
(3) Doctors make up 40% of the staff in the hospitahouse.
表示增长率的常用句型:
(1)The figure of income increased by about 200% as compared with ten year ago.
(2)The number of students has reached 200, Indicating a rise of 4%， compared to last year.
Example:
The two bar charts indicate the annual emissions of CO2, per capita and populations of seven countries. Industrialized countries certainly contribute more to the CO2, levels in the atmosphere, with the US at the top-3. 93 tons per capita per yenr. It is followed by Japan and the UK, with emissions of 3. 32 tons and 2. 15 tons respectively. Though these countries usually don't have large populations, they consume disproportionately large quantities of natural resources and therefore are more blamed for global warming. Developing countries, on the other hand, usually have lower levels of emissions. China,for example, has the largest population in the list. Yet its emission of CO2, per capita is only 980 kg,being about a quarter of the emission level of the US. Another good example is Koren. Its population is the smallest in the list, so is its per capita emission of CO2.
The charts show no correlation between emission levels of CO2, and the sizes of population.
本文比较了7个国家二氧化碳排放的变化幅度,及相互对比关系。
其他图表式作文的常用句型：
(1)The curves show ____ in a certnin year.
(2) It can be seen that___(sth. )fluctuates quite substantinlly in this year.
(3)It just increases slightly.
(4)The pie charts show the changes ___in some place in 1999.
(5)It can be seen from the chart that the proportions of A and B are going down, though the falling level of the latter is a lot higher/lower than that of the former.
(6)The expansion is more noticeable during the second half of the 8-year period.
(7) It falls from 30% of the staff in 1990 to 20% in 1998 and then the trend reverses. Finishing at 34% in 2000.
(8)And A is higher than B except for the months June to September.____drops dramatically from about____ in January to_____ in June.
(9) The falling trend levels off from_____
to____,_____(sth.) goes all the way up to and then it begins to drop to____.
关于图画式作文的描写和说明:
描写是再现客观事物,其目的是使人感受到具体的情况。在考研作文中,它既可以吸引读者,又可以为论证做铺垫。
考研作文中的描写应注意的问题:第一,围绕主题,描写最突出的特征和能够支主旨的细节;第二,描写要按照一定的逻辑顺序进行(如时间、空间等);第三,描写力求生动、形象,准确,如:
Waller, Texas, is small town for all other forms of civilization. There is no movie theater, no bowling alley,and certainly no mall. This place doesn't even have a Wal-Mart.Residents of Waller have all
heard the saying: "There are only two things for kids to do in Waller, and one of them is drinking."This may seem humorous at first, but, unfortunately ,there is some truth to it.
描述是为一定中心服务的。本段通过描述 Waller精神生活的缺乏引出文章中心：娱乐活动缺乏带来酒等社会问题。
试题中的议论文部分具有以下几个特点:
议论文的写作主要包括:①一个论点;②几个充足的论据;③逻辑性强的论证。从结构上看,它分成三个部分:引论,本论和结论。也就是引出讨论的问题,表明立场;分析问题,讲道理,摆事实;重申主旨。
根据写作目的的不同,议论文的模式也有不同,下面举出一些典型的议论文的写作模式,以供参考。
第一种,问题解决型。它分为三个部分:指出问题、分析问题、解决问题。在分析问题的时候,我们可以通过对下述问题的回答来使内容更为丰富:①什么原因导致了问题?直接、间接原因有什么?这个问题是由系统的缺陷造成的,还是由个人行为或社会环境造成的?②这个问题导致什么恶果?对哪些对象有伤害(严重的,轻微的)?是否涉及道德题?
程,是德题?
在提供解决案时,可以问的问题有:①如果问题有多个原因,针对不同原因有什么不同的解决方案?他们会消除哪些导致问题的因素?什么解决方案可最终解决问题?②有哪些解决办法已被尝试?效果如何?如下面这篇文章:
Nowadays the water shortage problem is even more serious. With the explosion of population, fresh water falls far behind the need. At the same time, the shortage of water has become an obstacle on the path of raising levels of living.
The water shortage problem is put under extreme stress mainly because of three reasons. Firstly, the economic development will be delayed owing to the water shortage. With the economy growing, water consumption increases more rapidly. Secondly, the amount of water for people to live a normal life is on the rise, with the lack of water being a common phenomenon. Statistics show, on average. Chinese cities suffer a shortage of 10 million cubic meters of water every day. Finally, it costs too much to exploit other water resources. As a result, water shortage becomes the worry of the whole society.
To relieve the government of the pressure from water shortage,immediate action is indispensable. First of all, measures should be taken to save water. And then, protection of present water resources and exploiting new water resources are necessary. If these measures can be well under way, it will not be long for the government to get an easy breath.
本文讨论了水资源缺乏的问题。第一段指出问题、危害。第二段分析缺水的原因。第三段提出解决方案。层次清晰、中心突出。
再如:
It is true that pace of life in modern society becomes faster and faster. Many people complain that they have little time to entertain themselves and it is difficult to free themselves from tremendous pressure. What factors lead to this unpleasant phenomenon becomes a concern to many people.
Firstly,it is strong competition that makes people have to work hard to survive. If not, we will probably be thrown out of the game and become losers. The competition has begun since we were very young. We were sent to the best schools and then the best universities to pursue a better education so that we could succeed in our career. At our work we have to work very hard to keep the job. It is very often that someone loses his job when his performance cannot make his boss satisfied.
Secondly, it is our inherent biological nature that drives us to seek more opportunities and live better life. We are always discontented with what we have. To realize our dream， some of which is very materialistic, we have to endure the pressure and sacrifice a lot of our leisure time.
A lot of pressure and little leisure time result in serious mental and physical problems. We should have a more relaxed mentality when we make a decision about the work we pursue. For many people.it would be wise to choose job which is not very competitive. For others, enjoy-what-you-have is better option. (276 words)
本文也是一篇问题解决型的文章。第一段虽只有三句话,但结构清晰。第一句指出现象——现代人常感到生活匆忙,压力太大;第二句,进行解释;第三句,指出下文的发展方向——分析原因。然后,文章从两个方面分析了造成人们生活紧张的原因,最后提出建议。
第二种,现象解释型。通常包括:说明现象,解释原因,提出建议或号召。
如:
The Internet has grown fast these years and influences people's life all around the world. For example, the number of people who use it has doubled in only two years in China. And I think it has changed our life in at least three ways.
Firstly, it allows people to share their resources easily. I work in an engineering company. In the early 1990s, when the Internet was not so popular, we drew our graphics with single PCs, and shared files by using floppy discs. When the file was big，it was very inconvenient. But this situation changed in 1995 when our company installed the network. We don't need to copy files by disks any more. We can do it by clicking the mouse, That's great!
Secondly, it makes information retrieval easy and quick. There are many different types of sites around the world. When you need something for instance,a new book, you can search the Internet and find it quickly and easily, with details including table of contents, introduction and price, etc. Another example is, when you want to go somewhere you aren't' familiar with, you can visit the special sites that offer traveling information and find how to go there cheaply.
Thirdly, it makes the electronic games more wonderful. For example, in the early days,people always played games with computers on one to one basis. That was inflexible. When you actually play games via the Internet, you play the games with real people, not computers. Thet's so intelligent and in other words, so attractive and challenging and it attracts more and more people, especially youngsters.
This gives the game industry more interests.
From the above three points, I will say that the internet is one the greatest inventions in the 20th century and it will have more development in the future.
本文通过描述人们生活的三个方面的改变,解释了互联网对生活的多方面的影响。第一段,首句直接点出所说明的现象,然后用举例的方式对现象进行解释。第二、三、四段具体解释这个网络对人们生活的影响。最后一段,总结全文,提出展望。
第三种：方法解释型。它包括的内容为:提出需要改善的方面,讲解方法,指出必要性。
如:
There are a number of less developed areas in China, and the majority of these areas are located in western China. The less developed areas need much help Irom outside, and we can do the following things.
First of all, we are able to help build or improve the infrastructure, such as expressways, railways, bridges, airports and power plants. It is well known that the infrastructure is the prerequisite of the economic development, but now, the infrastructure in the less developed areas is weak. If there is high quality infrastructure, people can transport the farm products from rural areas to large cities, and send many kinds of mineral from mines to the more developed areas. Consequently, the less developed areas earn much money and get computers and large advanced machines. Furthermore， people could travel comfortably and conveniently,and more tourists will go to the less developed areas.
Secondly, we should help to develop education in the less developed areas. For example, the government sends more excellent teachers and gives all essential teaching equipment, and the large eastern cities help to reform the teaching methods. The good education will have a very positive influence on the development of the less developed areas.
Thirdly, the government and large companies invest more money to protect the natural environment and build factories in the less developed areas. The desert and sandstorm must be controlled step by step,and more forest and grass fields should be formed. As many factories hegin to produce, it is possible for a large number of workers to get a high salary in industry instead of agriculture.
In conclusion, we can make many contributions to the less developed areas, and it is important for us to help these arcas as much as possible.
本文首段提出穷困地区需要更多的帮助,二段至第四段对提供帮助的方法进行解释说明，最后一段总结全文,指出必要性。
第四种:反驳论证型。其要点为;引出批判观点,提出反驳意见,分析原因,得出结论,如:
With the development of our society, many people think traditional cultures are cast out of our modern life. However, they are not dying. Instead, traditional cultures survive and develop as time passes.For instance, Chinese traditional cultures are still influencing most of Chinese people in current society.
Firstly, as the gist of our traditional cultures, Confucianism is still very popular in the 21st century amomg Chinese young generations. Two thousand years ago, Confucius told people to be modest to others, to love and respect our parents, to give priority to the needs of the society and to devote our lives to our motherland, etc. Nobody will deny that the core of Confucianism passes on from one generation to another, till today and tomorrow. Therefore, we can conclude that instead of dying, the gist of traditional culture exists and will exist in our society.
Secondly, some of the traditional cultures change to some extent to adapt to the development of society. For instance, Beijing Opera, as one of the most valuable parts in Chinese culture, experienced great changes in the past 100 years. It was very popular before the liberation of China, After that, fewer and fewer people liked Beijing Opera. However, after some reform, it gains its popularity again. Nowadays, even in some universities, Beijing Opera has its fans. I admit that in order to keep the traditional culture,
we sometimes need to compromise. Moreover, the adaptation is not the symbol of dying, but a statt of new life.
The traditional cultures, as the products of thousands of years' accumulation of human experiences and knowledge,are not dying, but living vigorously.
第一段摆出错误的观点——传统文化走向灭,而后提出反驳意见——传统文化不是灭亡,而是在发展中求生存。第二段和第三段,论证传统文化的变化与发展。末段,得出结论、重申论点。
(二)提纲式命题作文
提纲式作文既有论说文,也有议论文。它主要考查的内容为:说明主题,分析原因或解释做法,例如:1995年的试题“希望工程”中提纲的要求是:(1) Present situation.(2) Necessity of the project.(3)My suggestion.它要求考生解释说明“希望工程”,分析开展希望工程的意义和原因,联系考生自己提出一些建议或具体的做法。从提纲的要求上看,提纲式命题作文对联系社会的要求不是很多,写作难度也相对较小。它要求考生在正确理解题意的基础上,根据提纲去选择素材。提纲提供了每段的段落大意,在开展论述时不能偏离提纲或改变内容。提纲一般为二部分,考生应针对提纲采用三段的结构来开展文章。如:
Nowadays, China's economy is fast developing. People's liviog standard has improved a lot. In some areas, however, there are still many people living below the poverty line. They have difficulties for the very basics like food and clothes, let alone getting good education. What can we do to help these less developed areas in our country?I think we can do the following things.
First of all, the government and our society must pay more attention to these less developed areas. The government should spend more money on the basic construction projects in these areas instead of spending it on cultural and artistic projects in cities. It should also encourage some private enterprises and companies to donate to these poor areas.
Secondly, transportation is very importart in less developed areas. We should help them build more railways and more roads so that the local people can benefit from the convenient transportation. It can also promote their communication with developed areas.
Finally, technology is necessary in developing economy in these areas.Poor farmers should be taught technology and new skills and should have easier access to money in the bank, such as getting loans to start businesses.
All in all, so long as we continue our efforts to help these less developed areas, these areas will shake off poverty sooner or later.
再如:
Directions:
Write an article to an English newspaper discussing laid-off workers and re-emplaymen in China. In your article you should
(1)describe briefly the present situation of unemployment,
(2)analyze the causes of it,
(3)give advice for re-employment.
You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.
范文:
There is an increasing number of workers,not only the middle-aged but also the young who are laid off from their jobs. Some laid-offs thus become poverty-stricken and can hardly support their children to continue their studies. And these employed are also worried a great deal that someday they
may lose their jobs. This pheaomenon has caught great attention in society. In order to maintain social stability, many re-employment service centers are being set up to give the laid-offs a helping hand.
The increasing number of laid-off workers is caused mainly by the industrial restructuring and economics development across the country. In market economy, the enterprises have to reduce workforce or the redundant. Another reason is that some enterprises claim bankruptey owing to their poor management and backward product structure, which made millions of workers jobless. Laborers from the countryside are also contributing to the increasing numbers of the laid-offs.
Off job doesn't mean no job. There are plenty of opportunities for the laid-aff workers to be re-employed. Take Shanghai for example, the city is developing into an international economic center, shifting its old labor intensive industries out of the city and replacing them with new enterprises. But there is a fundamental requirement for the laid-offs if they want to be enrolled in these new posts. They must have certain skills. To many laid-off workers, they have to get job training to make themselves qualified and competitive in the human resources market.